Snapshot · built Oct. 22, 2026 · research as of Oct. 20
America's AI data-center buildout, from the ground up
Every large campus we track, built from permits, utility filings, court records, business registries, city meetings and satellite imagery.
222 GW
of planned IT capacity at full build-out, across 313 campuses of 100 MW or more
about 11.8 GW
of IT capacity in service at 62 campuses (55 of them 100 MW or more: 11.3 GW)
Installed capacity, mostly estimated from satellite imagery and permits; 12 more campuses are in service with no figure yet.
96 GW
of planned IT capacity plans to use on-site gas, alone or as a bridge to the grid: 47% of the 204 GW whose power plan is on record (87 of 270 campuses of 100 MW or more)
On record = a plan we rate high or medium confidence. The other 18 GW: 6 GW with no plan on record and 12 GW with a plan we rate low-confidence. The map’s Power filter counts every campus and every plan.
48 GW
of planned IT capacity is at campuses facing an open lawsuit or permit appeal: 22% of the total (46 of the 313 campuses). Counting cases since closed, 53 GW (24%, 57 campuses) has faced at least one.
How 11.8 GW compares. Epoch AI’s 77 US sites total 11.9 GW; we leave out 1.1 GW not yet confirmed live, add 0.6 GW at campuses Epoch does not track, and adjust a few sites to operator figures (+0.3 GW). Epoch reckons its sites hold about 44% of the world’s AI compute (its estimate as we read it, Oct. 2026), so all US AI capacity is roughly twice our figure (about 20–30 GW). SemiAnalysis’s ~56 GW counts every US data center, not just AI. Epoch AI, ‘AI data centers’SemiAnalysis, Sept. 2026
Map
Where the gigawatts are
Every active campus we track, of every size, at its location. Dot area is planned IT capacity at full build-out; color is how far along the campus is. Click a state (on a phone, tap it) to zoom in, then hover or tap a dot for its card. The filters narrow the map and the two charts under it.
6 campuses (3.6 GW) with no location on record count in the figures but are not on the map. Campuses placed at their county’s center are approximate; their cards say so.
Where the planned GW stands
Operating (live IT)62 campuses
11.8 GW
Under construction163 campuses
99 GW
Permitted / approved118 campuses
65 GW
Early (announced, land)111 campuses
46 GW
Adds up to 222 GW of planned IT. Operating counts only the reviewed live IT capacity; the rest of a partly live campus counts as under construction, so a campus can appear in both rows.
Every campus on the map counts here, of every size, including 85 campuses that state no size (counted, with no gigawatts). The Pipeline and Power mix charts below count only campuses of 100 MW and up, each once at its furthest stage and at its full planned IT, so their campus counts and gigawatts differ from these.
Power path
Grid only291 campuses
121 GW
Grid + on-site gas bridge22 campuses
9.6 GW
On-site gas as primary supply74 campuses
86 GW
Grid + on-site prime generation1 campus
0 GW
Unknown22 campuses
6.0 GW
On-site technology at the 96 GW that plans on-site gas or a prime plant (every size; each campus counted once, a mix of technologies in its own row)
Gas turbines25 campuses
33 GW
Reciprocating engines15 campuses
19 GW
Fuel cells10 campuses
4.9 GW
Mixed (two or more of these)8 campuses
8.8 GW
Other (steam or coal plant)3 campuses
864 MW
Not stated36 campuses
29 GW
Planned IT by how the campus plans to get power. On-site technology counts the prime or bridge plant only. Every campus and every plan counts here (96 campuses plan on-site gas), including plans we rate low-confidence; the on-site gas headline at the top counts only campuses of 100 MW and up with a high- or medium-confidence plan (87 campuses).
Pipeline
Where the capacity actually is
Campuses of 100 MW and up, by the furthest stage the evidence supports. Bars show planned IT capacity at full build-out. First building in service counts the 61 campuses of 100 MW and up with a building in service, at full planned IT (55 of them have a reviewed live figure); the 11.8 GW headline counts the 62 campuses of every size that have one.
Announced · 32 campuses
21.8 GW
Land or project company · 25 campuses
24.0 GW
Zoning & approvals · 78 campuses
52.2 GW
Permits issued · 17 campuses
13.2 GW
Site work · 45 campuses
46.1 GW
Vertical construction · 55 campuses
35.9 GW
First building in service · 61 campuses
28.6 GW
Off track
Planned IT capacity. Cancelled campuses are not in the stages above; stalled ones are, at the stage they reached.
Cancelled · 22 campuses
12.8 GW
Stalled · 15 campuses
11.6 GW
Live IT capacity, by lab, since 2022, split by Epoch AI’s chip tags
Hover or tap the chart for any month’s total and each lab’s megawatts. The chart below splits the same live capacity by our own contract records instead, so a lab’s figure can differ between the two: Epoch tags who uses each batch of chips, while our records follow who signed for each campus.
Reviewed live IT capacity at every campus on this page, month by month, split by the lab using the compute; it ends at the 11.8 GW in the headline figure. Timing and users come from Epoch AI’s timelines for the 50 campuses it tracks that our review counts as in service. Where Epoch’s current figure differs from ours (7 campuses, most at AWS New Albany: Epoch 213 MW, ours 480 MW), the campus’s Epoch timeline is scaled to end at ours. 12 campuses Epoch does not track (0.6 GW) enter at their first in-service date at today’s live capacity; Epoch sites our review does not count as in service (1.1 GW on Epoch’s figures) are left out. Attribution is approximate: Epoch tags the users of each batch of chips, and a batch naming several users is split by Epoch’s confidence. Where Epoch names no lab, the campus’s customer line decides; capacity with no lab named stays in Other. Microsoft and Amazon (own use) are chips Epoch tags to the cloud company itself, some of it rented out. Epoch counts Anthropic as a confirmed user of Colossus 1 and 2, alongside xAI. No live capacity is tagged to Oracle’s own use: Oracle-built sites count under the lab using them. Data: Epoch AI, ‘AI data centers’ (CC BY 4.0)
Ground-up: gigawatts by lab from our contract records, now and at the end of 2027
Built campus by campus from our own records, not from Epoch: the contracts that say who uses each campus (for example Crusoe → Oracle → OpenAI at Abilene), and the reviewed live IT capacity behind the headline figure (11.8 GW today). Epoch AI’s chip tags, which drive the chart above, are used only as a check (the diamonds). The end-2027 base case moves each campus to our estimated first-power date and ramps it at the pace our in-service campuses have shown, weighted by the odds it gets built: 32.3 GW in all. The low case adds the delays we have seen (18.1 GW); the high case takes the earliest dates and fastest ramps with no risk weighting (58.3 GW).
Live now (solid)End-2027, base caseLow to high rangeEpoch AI’s tags, same campuses (check)
CoreWeave and Fluidstack rarely name their end customers, so 2.2 GW live today has no lab attached (Unattributed). This is the biggest gap, and the main reason our OpenAI and Anthropic figures differ from Epoch’s.
Microsoft’s Fairwater campuses in Atlanta and Wisconsin are split 50/50 between OpenAI and Microsoft, a judgment call that moves about 0.5 GW between them. Colossus 2 counts about 205 MW for Anthropic, from SpaceX’s securities filing; that deal can end on 90 days’ notice.
The high case is an upper bound, not a forecast: 20 GW of it has no tenant named yet (the last row, whose range runs off the right edge), against 6.1 GW in the base case.
Lab compute rented from a cloud company’s general fleet stays with that cloud company (Microsoft and Amazon, own use). US campuses only.
Whose models the compute serves: cloud capacity rented to others is not a lab’s own
The same live capacity as the chart above, re-cut by whose models it trains or serves. Amazon and Microsoft run most of their data centers as clouds rented to outside customers (Anthropic on AWS, OpenAI on Azure, thousands of companies on both), so that capacity is shown as rented cloud (2.0 GW now), not as an Amazon or Microsoft lab. Google and Meta mostly use their own campuses for their own models and services; some Google TPUs are rented to Anthropic.
Campus records only show which campuses a lab signed for or occupies. Most of OpenAI’s and Anthropic’s compute sits inside cloud fleets (Azure, AWS, Google Cloud, Oracle, CoreWeave) that do not name tenants building by building, so their campus totals here are floors.
OpenAI and Anthropic: total compute, and how much of it serves users (AI inference)
Company statements and analyst estimates, not our campus records. Totals are year-end gigawatts of compute available to each lab across every cloud and campus. The inference compute slice applies published estimates of the share of each lab’s compute that runs AI inference: about a quarter for OpenAI in 2024, roughly a third since, as training shifted from pre-training to post-training and reinforcement learning, which itself needs inference compute. Anthropic’s supply in 2026 is spread across AWS Trainium (nearly 1 GW by year-end, per Anthropic), Google TPUs (over 1 GW coming online in 2026), Azure and NVIDIA (up to 1 GW contracted) and capacity on xAI’s Colossus sites.
The company's stated first-power date for each campus, against our evidence-based estimate. 65 GW of planned IT (111 campuses) has no dated power path yet; our estimate for it is a default of 2029 or later, shown lighter below. 16 GW (25 campuses) is paused, stopped or a site program and carries no estimate, as on the campus pages.
Planned IT capacity at campuses with a first building in service, cumulative (GW)
Counts each campus's full planned build-out from its first building's in-service date; live capacity is smaller. Company dates vs. our estimate, on one set of 132 campuses (95 GW planned): the 61 already in service, which sit on both lines at their actual date, and 71 not yet in service with both a company first-power date and a dated estimate of ours.
Each point is the running total by the end of that year; 2024 includes everything earlier. Both lines count the same 132 campuses. 2.4 GW (6 campuses) had a company date that has already passed with no building in service yet; they stay on the company line in the year the company promised and sit on ours in the year we estimate. Our line is risk-weighted: 1 of the 28 weakest campuses we reviewed sit on these lines, and each counts at the odds we give it of being built (Scannell Technology Park (Monticello, Minnesota), 10%), so 0.1 GW of planned IT counts as 0.0 GW; that takes 0.1 GW off our line by 2029. The other 27 reviewed campuses are not on either line: they are cancelled, stalled or paused, state no size, or have no company first-power date or no dated estimate. The company line is not weighted: it is what the companies claim. By the end of 2029 our line reaches 95.2 GW and the company line 95.3 GW. Ours ends 0.1 GW lower: 0.1 GW of risk weighting. Not shown: 102 GW (124 campuses) not yet in service with no company first-power date, and 24 GW (57 campuses) with a company date but no dated estimate of ours (no dated power path yet, or paused).
How late projects are running
Our estimate vs. the company's first-power date, for the 118 campuses (86 GW planned) not yet in service that have one (10 campuses that are paused, stopped or a site program are left out). Each bar: planned IT GW · number of campuses.
Early or on time35 campuses
32 GW
Up to 6 months late18 campuses
27 GW
6–12 months late23 campuses
12 GW
1–2 years late21 campuses
9 GW
More than 2 years late21 campuses
7 GW
Our date rests on dated evidenceOur date is the 2029-or-later default (no dated power path)
How long each step takes
The slowest step on record is from vertical construction to a first building in service: half the campuses that made it took more than 12 mo (20 campuses). The longest line is at zoning & approvals: 72 campuses are waiting for permits, a median 11 mo so far.
Completed the stepStill waiting, time so farBox: middle half · bar: median · whiskers: 10th to 90th percentile
Campuses of 100 MW and up. Each date is the first time the step shows up in the records (permits, filings, satellite images, press), so it can lag the real event. A step counts only where both of its ends have their own dated record. When a campus’s next dated step is further up the ladder, it skipped steps on record and adds to none of the steps in between (727 campus-steps left out this way). Also left out: 56 campus-steps with a date known only to the year, a date placed at the research cutoff, or one before 2015, and 15 still-waiting campuses with no usable date for their current step. Waiting time runs to Oct. 20, 2026; stopped campuses (cancelled, denied, withdrawn) are not waiting. Boxes need at least three campuses.
Share of planned IT capacity at each stage, by how the campus plans to get power. Campuses of 100 MW and up, each counted once at its furthest stage with its full planned IT (a partly live campus counts under In service), so the totals differ from the map's stage chart, which counts every size and splits out the live part.
In service (partly or fully) · 29 GW planned IT, 61 campuses
76%
6%
13%
Under construction · 82 GW planned IT, 100 campuses
Early (announced, land) · 46 GW planned IT, 57 campuses
34%
7%
41%
18%
GridGrid + on-site bridgeBehind the meterNot yet known
How far along their power is
The strongest power evidence on record for each campus, planned IT GW.
In service · 61 campuses
28.6 GW
Substation energized, no building in service yet · 9 campuses
5.6 GW
Service or supply agreement signed · 45 campuses
39.2 GW
Utility filing approved · 27 campuses
11.2 GW
Utility capacity committed · 16 campuses
8.3 GW
In interconnection study · 53 campuses
35.5 GW
Utility named, nothing signed · 60 campuses
35.6 GW
On-site power permitted · 9 campuses
19.8 GW
On-site power applied for · 7 campuses
11.7 GW
No power evidence yet · 26 campuses
26.4 GW
0.9 GW of planned IT (1 campus) needs a grid upgrade to power on that is due at or after the developer's delivery date: Vantage Lighthouse (Stargate Wisconsin). Only upgrades our research tied to the campus's own power-on date count.
On-site generation: what runs and who makes it
Campuses of 100 MW and up whose on-site plant is prime or bridge power, by the technology and maker named in their filings. A campus can name several. Battery storage is listed because it sits in the same plants, but it stores power and does not generate it. Diesel standby generators, standard at every data center, are left out.
Technology
Campuses of 100 MW and up only. A campus that names several technologies is counted under each, so the rows overlap and the totals differ from the map's technology chart, which counts every size and puts each campus in one row.
Gas turbines (simple cycle / aeroderivative) · 14 campuses: 6 in service or building, 8 not yet building
23.2 GW
Battery storage · 15 campuses: 6 in service or building, 9 not yet building
23.2 GW
Gas reciprocating engines · 14 campuses: 7 in service or building, 7 not yet building
18.1 GW
Gas, technology not named · 8 campuses: 3 in service or building, 5 not yet building
15.7 GW
Gas combined cycle · 6 campuses: 2 in service or building, 4 not yet building
14.3 GW
Solar · 6 campuses: 1 in service or building, 5 not yet building
13.8 GW
Nuclear / SMR · 6 campuses: 2 in service or building, 4 not yet building
8.6 GW
Fuel cells · 6 campuses: 2 in service or building, 4 not yet building
6.3 GW
Campus in service or under constructionCampus not yet under construction
Gas reciprocating engines and gas turbines lead by planned IT capacity at campuses in service or under construction; solar and fuel cells are mostly at campuses not yet under construction.
Equipment makers
GE Vernova · 10 campuses: 5 in service or building, 5 not yet building
22.9 GW
Caterpillar gas engines · 4 campuses: 4 in service or building
8.1 GW
Mitsubishi Power · 2 campuses: 1 in service or building, 1 not yet building
5.3 GW
Solar Turbines (Caterpillar) · 6 campuses: 4 in service or building, 2 not yet building
5.0 GW
Siemens Energy · 3 campuses: 3 in service or building
4.7 GW
Jenbacher (INNIO) · 4 campuses: 4 in service or building
3.1 GW
Bloom (fuel cells) · 3 campuses: 1 in service or building, 2 not yet building
2.7 GW
Wärtsilä · 2 campuses: 2 not yet building
1.1 GW
Cummins · 1 campus: 1 not yet building
0.9 GW
Baker Hughes · 2 campuses: 1 in service or building, 1 not yet building
0.8 GW
Hyundai · 1 campus: 1 not yet building
0.6 GW
Campus in service or under constructionCampus not yet under construction
Makers named for the prime or bridge plant in air permits, utility filings and company disclosures.
Where the on-site plants stand
Planned IT capacity at the 88 campuses (104 GW) whose on-site plant is prime or bridge power, by the status of its air permit, same rule as the permits chart below. Backup-generator permits are left out.
Air permit granted · 18 campuses
15.7 GW
Applied for, pending or under appeal · 25 campuses
37.0 GW
Denied or withdrawn · 1 campus
0.2 GW
No air permit on file yet · 44 campuses
50.6 GW
Permits
Which permits campuses are waiting on
Planned IT gigawatts at campuses of 100 MW and up not yet fully in service, by the status of each permit family.
Zoning & land use
29 GW waiting (13%)
Air permits (on-site generation)
37 GW waiting (36%)
Transmission & siting certificates
19 GW waiting (9%)
Water, wetlands & stormwater
47 GW waiting (21%)
Building permits
12 GW waiting (6%)
FAA airspace reviews
1 GW waiting (1%)
State land & leases
4 GW waiting (2%)
GrantedPendingContested (appeal or enforcement)Denied, withdrawn or revoked
Waiting = pending or contested. The percentage is waiting gigawatts as a share of all 222 GW planned (no campus of 100 MW and up is fully built out yet, so partly live campuses are included) (air permits: of the 104 GW at campuses whose on-site plant is prime or bridge power; backup-generator permits are left out). Each campus counts once per family: contested if any item is under appeal or enforcement, else pending if any is still waiting, else granted. Statuses match the permit checklists on the campus pages. Building permits and FAA cases are filed by the dozen in parallel, so a campus counts as granted once any one is issued. County building-permit records cover 20 of the 313 campuses so far. FAA reviews cover cranes, buildings and generator stacks.
Risk
Where it is getting harder
Lawsuits and permit appeals, by quarter
Planned IT gigawatts at campuses facing at least one open lawsuit or permit appeal at each quarter’s end, and at campuses that have faced at least one by then.
Facing at least one open case at the quarter’s end (bars)Have faced at least one by then (line)
Campuses of 100 MW and up. Percentages are of the planned IT announced by each quarter’s end (222 GW now). A case is open from its filing until a resolution is on record: dismissed, withdrawn, settled, or upheld with no further appeal on record. A case with no resolution on record counts as open, and so does a settlement in principle until it is final. Cases dated only to a year count from mid-year; cases with no date count from the latest quarter, which is partial (20 days). Lawsuits include suits over the campus’s approvals, permits, power, noise, records and contracts.
Most contested
UT 7 GW, 6 campuses
67%
PA 13 GW, 11 campuses
59%
IL 8 GW, 12 campuses
41%
GA 8 GW, 11 campuses
39%
KY 5 GW, 5 campuses
38%
Least contested
MS 3 GW, 4 campuses
0%
KS 3 GW, 4 campuses
0%
NE 4 GW, 6 campuses
0%
ND 5 GW, 8 campuses
2%
TX 57 GW, 65 campuses
4%
Share of each state's planned IT gigawatts at campuses that have faced a lawsuit or permit appeal, among the 20 states with the most capacity and at least 4 campuses.
The weakest campuses we reviewed
Of the 28 weakest campuses we reviewed (17.2 GW planned), we expect about 2.3 GW to be built. 6 are already dead (cancelled) and 3 are stalled. Each campus counts at the odds we give it of ever being built; 6 campuses state no size and add nothing. Beyond this review, another 17 campuses of 100 MW and up (10.4 GW) were already marked cancelled; with the 5 reviewed ones of that size, that makes the 22 in the Pipeline’s Cancelled bar.
Task Y B4 (Oct. 22, 2026): MIDA said Jul 29 2026 its work was 'paused at this time' (repeated Sep 25 2026; interlocal agreement still unsigned); no Utah DEQ air-permit application, no land sold, no tenant; water application 13-4148 withdrawn May 7 2026; latest sponsor statement Oct 2 2026 says predevelopment continues (grade C, secondary reporting). Planned totals unchanged (Dwight's open decision).
No permits of any kind; the land is an option with $200,000 paid on a $70 million price, expiring Nov. 2027; the sponsor faces a securities class action.
It holds the only signed utility agreement in this group, but ComEd moved to cancel it over a $1 letter of credit against $586.9 million required; an injunction hearing is set for Oct. 23, 2026, and the annexation lapses April 1, 2027.
Announced in Oct. 2025, it still has no state siting application, air permit, county land-use filing, tenant or closed financing, and the sponsor cut its size from 1.5 GW to 1.25 GW in June 2026.
NRG withdrew the air permit for the planned power plant in June 2026, so no power source remains; on Oct. 13 the county rejected a settlement and denied the permit appeal.
The 1,000 MW is a load request; Avista’s study says about 50 MW can be delivered by about 2030, and the county heard a pause extension on Oct. 20, 2026.
The furthest along, but the Energy Transfer gas deal hinges on an unnamed customer and an unmet bank condition, first power has already slipped 15.6 months, and the tax abatements are being challenged in court.
The site was never under contract, the city’s economic-development chief told the council the project “is not real,” and the sponsor left North Carolina in July 2026.
The only power step is a 350 MW feasibility study filed at FERC, with no application; a push for a statewide moratorium is expected in the January 2027 session.
Task Y B2 (Oct. 22, 2026): phantom. No data-center project exists behind 'Project Oxford' in Oxford, CT. The record is the CPV Towantic gas plant (805 MW installed, 785 MW certificate, operating since May 2018; CT Siting Council Dockets 192/192B/192C; CPV fact sheet, Jun 2025) misread as a data center.
Power rests on a non-binding will-serve letter from AES, with no service agreement, and a court review of the approval is pending; the developer is experienced.
The record conflicts: no construction is on file, but June 2026 press describes a phased build by an established developer for a 2027 opening; a utility rate-case vote is due by Dec. 31, 2026.
The county approved the rezoning in Sept. 2026 over a 5–4 planning-commission denial; the city route died under an Aug. 2026 moratorium.
Ranked by gigawatts at risk: planned IT times the odds it is never built. Odds come from a campus-by-campus review of each record (land, power, permits, lawsuits, the sponsor) and feed the risk-weighted line in the cumulative chart above. The review covers campuses of every size, including 6 campuses that state no size and 1 campus under 100 MW; the two Monticello, Minnesota rows are separate projects by different developers.
Who
Who is building, and who has to supply it
Developers
Planned IT capacity at campuses with buildings going up or in service, one name per company. 0.7 GW at 2 campuses with no developer on record is left out.
Meta · 20 campuses
9.7 GW
Amazon (AWS) · 8 campuses
8.2 GW
Google · 17 campuses
5.1 GW
QTS Data Centers · 6 campuses
4.2 GW
Microsoft · 7 campuses
3.8 GW
Homer City Redevelopment · 1 campus
3.6 GW
Applied Digital · 4 campuses
2.5 GW
xAI · 2 campuses
2.0 GW
Core Scientific · 2 campuses
2.0 GW
Crusoe · 2 campuses
2.0 GW
CoreWeave · 4 campuses
1.8 GW
TPG Real Estate Partners · 1 campus
1.6 GW
Utilities
Planned IT capacity in each utility's territory; off-grid campuses and those with no utility named are left out.
82 GW of planned IT capacity (89 campuses of 100 MW and up) logged a dated permit action, public meeting, lawsuit, moratorium action or deed between Sept. 21 and Oct. 20. The 12 largest:
Million square feet of new roof added per complete quarter across the 105 campuses of 100 MW and up we track by satellite. The current quarter (20 days so far) is left out: its jump comes from newly arrived images, not from that quarter's building.
Construction from orbit
Campus by campus, the ground truth from space
The 13 campuses checked so far, largest first. Orange: share of the site that reads as roof in Sentinel-2 images; blue: share of very bright Sentinel-1 radar echoes, which walls and steel produce (both on the scale at right); dashed: share of bare ground (its own scale). January 2023 to October 2026; each chart has its own scale, and some campuses have radar only so far. The tag compares what the satellites see with the stage on our record.
cleared Jul 2024 · structures from Oct 2024 · ~80 acres of roof. Fits our stage.
Contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data 2023–2026.
Construction activity on record
Counted in campuses, not gigawatts: a crane filing or a trade permit shows that work is happening, not how big the campus is. Campuses of 100 MW and up with at least one county building permit or FAA airspace filing or OSHA inspection dated in each quarter; a campus counts once per source per quarter (108 campuses in all). The latest quarter is partial (20 days). County building-permit records cover 20 of 313 campuses so far; counts reflect that coverage, not national activity. FAA filings on record are mostly from 2025–2026; earlier quarters have not been searched, so missing orange bars before late 2025 are a gap in coverage, not a lack of cranes.
County building permitsFAA airspace filingsOSHA inspections
County building permitsFAA airspace filingsOSHA inspections
From announcement to the first deed in the campus company’s name
Deed before the announcementDeed at or after it
27 campuses of 100 MW and up where the buyer on a verified county deed is the campus's own company or project LLC, and the announcement is dated to the month. 8 of them took title before going public; the median first deed lands 1 months after the announcement. Each 6-month column is one stack; gaps beyond four years before or three after sit at the edges. Each dot is one campus: this is a timing pattern, so it is counted in campuses, not gigawatts. Another 5 campuses with such a deed have an announcement dated only to the year and are left out. Deeds bought by earlier owners do not count.
Grid rules
What utilities now demand from big loads
Minimum bills, collateral and special rates on file, one utility per row, largest territories first.
Dominion Energy· Tract Hanover Technology Park
Rate class. Dominion GS-5 (prospective): customers demanding 25 MW or more, effective Jan. 1, 2027; minimum payment of 85% of contracted distribution and transmission demand and 60% of generation… source, Nov. 2025
Commonwealth Edison· Joliet Technology Center
Minimum bill. Transmission security agreement (TSA; per ComEd Illinois Commerce Commission general terms and conditions): LDPAC guarantees annual transmission payments will not fall below the… source, Oct. 2026
Collateral. ComEd position: full letter of credit due at outset (Credit Support = MW x 46,025 USD/MW-yr per TSA Exhibit C); Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) declined to decide… source, Sept. 2026
Rate class. Separate rate class for high energy users (ComEd, per Village FAQ) source, Aug. 2026
Rate class. Georgia Power large-load terms under Public Service Commission (PSC) rule from Docket 55378: minimum billing, contract lengths up to 15 years, collateral and termination payments, PSC… source, Jan. 2025
Evergy· Google Project Mica
Minimum bill. Minimum Demand = 80% of Contract Capacity; demand charge $21.038/kW (summer) / $19.038/kW (winter); energy $0.02988/kWh source, March 2026
Rate class. Schedule LLPS - Large Load Power Service (Evergy Missouri Metro, P.S.C. MO. No. 7, Original Sheets 76-82) source, March 2026
We Energies· Microsoft Fairwater
Minimum bill. 15-year minimum initial term; very large customers (VLCs) pay 100% of generation built to serve the load (Full-Benefits model); transmission cost-shift protections source, April 2026
Rate class. Very Large Customer (VLC), mandatory at >=100 MW source, April 2026
DTE Energy· Google Van Buren Township (Project Cannoli)
Minimum bill. Minimum billing demand of 80% of contract capacity; Minimum Monthly Charge held constant at contracted capacity once maximum load is achieved, regardless of actual demand or D11 rate changes source, Dec. 2025
Collateral. Credit and collateral requirements, including parent guarantee and bank letter of credit terms (amounts under protective seal) source, Aug. 2026
Rate class. Rate Schedule D11 plus special contracts (power supply agreement/electric service agreement); Michigan Public Service Commission (MPSC) directed DTE to file a generally applicable… source, Dec. 2025
El Paso Electric· Meta El Paso (Project McCloud)
Minimum bill. Billing demand = highest of three items; item C set at 80% of highest measured demand (ratchet), raised from proposed 75%; ratchet waived during commissioning up to 2 years (33B) source, July 2025
Rate class. El Paso Electric (EPE) Rate Schedule 33A (large economic development rate, demand >50,000 kW, steady state) and 33B (medium EDR, 600-50,000 kW, development phase); transmission voltage source, July 2025
Black Hills Energy· Google Project Tembo (Cheyenne)
Collateral. USD 399M refundable advances from Google for long-lead equipment under generation reservation agreement; reimbursement expected by June 30, 2027; GFA includes strong collateral and… source, Oct. 2026
Rate class. Large Power Contract Service (LPCS) tariff; LPCS tariff originally approved by WY Public Service Commission (PSC) July 28, 2016, Docket 20003-146-ET-15 source, July 2016
Coverage
How this is built
410 campuses on the list, 57,133 sourced records from 7,314 documents. Each column is the share of campuses with at least one record of that type.
Scroll the matrix sideways →
Local government
Business registries
Satellite
Court records
County deeds
Building permits
300 MW and up
87%192/220
100%220/220
62%137/220
21%46/220
26%57/220
5%11/220
100–300 MW
90%84/93
98%91/93
12%11/93
9%8/93
17%16/93
10%9/93
under 100 MW or unknown
81%79/97
99%96/97
7%7/97
3%3/97
4%4/97
2%2/97
Local-government and permit-office records reach 87% of campuses of 300 MW and up, 90% at 100–300 MW and 81% below that; business-registry records reach at least 98% of campuses in every size band. Satellite tracking is concentrated on the largest sites: 62% of campuses of 300 MW and up, 12% at 100–300 MW and 7% below. Court records appear only where a case exists: 21% of the largest campuses. Recently added county records reach 26% of the largest campuses for deeds and 5% for building permits. Deeds matched to a campus only loosely are left out of every count.
Capacity means IT capacity (the power the servers can draw), at full announced build-out. Where companies state total campus or utility power, we divide by about 1.25 to get IT capacity; grid demand is roughly 1.2–1.4x the IT figure.